Primer reporte en Cuba de Anisakis spp. en muestras de pescado en conserva / First report in Cuba of Anisakis spp. in samples of canned fish

Introducción: Las especies de Anisakis representan uno de los grupos parasitarios patógenos transmitidos por alimentos más importantes en relación con sus capacidades zoonóticas y pueden producir una enfermedad emergente llamada anisakiosis. En Cuba, no existen reportes de la enfermedad como tampoco publicaciones sobre la detección del parásito en muestras de productos pesqueros. Objetivo: Identificar larvas de Anisakis spp. en muestras de productos pesqueros. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio para la búsqueda de larvas de Anisakis spp. en muestras de productos pesqueros en conserva recibidos en el Laboratorio de Parasitología de los alimentos del Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología de Cuba. Se recibieron 96 muestras de dos marcas diferentes. A cada marca se le asignó las letras A o B para proteger la identidad del fabricante. Las larvas recuperadas fueron previamente aclaradas con lactofenol e identificadas morfológicamente por microscopía. Se utilizaron las claves de identificación para larvas de Anisakis spp. descritas en la literatura. Resultados: El 38,5 por ciento del total de muestras de pescado en conserva analizadas estuvieron parasitadas con larvas de Anisakis spp., con una frecuencia media de 1,2 larvas por cada submuestra. Las larvas fueron clasificadas de tercer estadio y de tipo I. Conclusiones: Por primera vez se identificó en Cuba larvas de Anisakis spp. en muestras de pescado en conserva y se proporcionó datos de interés a las autoridades sanitarias para el fortalecimiento de políticas públicas relacionadas con la calidad e inocuidad de los alimentos(AU)

Introduction: Anisakis species represent one of the most important foodborne pathogenic parasitic groups in relation to their zoonotic capabilities, and can produce an emerging disease called anisakiosis. In Cuba, there are no reports of the disease and there are no publications on the detection of the parasite in samples of fishery products. Objective: To identify Anisakis spp. larvae in samples of fishery products. Methods: A study was conducted to search for Anisakis spp. larvae in samples of canned fish products received at the Laboratory of Food Parasitology of the National Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology of Cuba. Ninety-six samples of two different brands were received. Each brand was assigned letter A or B to protect the identity of the manufacturer. The larvae recovered were previously rinsed with lactophenol and identified morphologically by microscopy. The identification keys for Anisakis spp. larvae described in the literature were used. Results: 38.5 percent of the total canned fish samples analyzed were parasitized with Anisakis spp. larvae, with a mean frequency of 1.2 larvae per subsample. The larvae were classified as third instar and type I. Conclusions: For the first time in Cuba, Anisakis spp. larvae were identified in canned fish samples and provided data of interest to health authorities to strengthen public policies related to food quality and safety(AU)

Endoscopic submucosal dissection of colonic anisakiasis

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Geographic and host size variations as indicators of Anisakis pegreffii infection in European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) from the Mediterranean Sea: Food safety implications.

European pilchards are traditionally eaten marinated or salted in the Mediterranean countries often without thermal processing or gutting due to small size. Since ingestion of live third stage Anisakis larvae represents a causing agent in the onset of anisakiasis, the aim of our study was to assess prevalence and intensity of Anisakis infection in European pilchards originating from different Mediterranean regions in a three-year sampling period (2013-2015). A total of 1564 specimens of European pilchard collected from two geographically distinct sampling regions (western Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea) were examined using the UV-Press method, which utilises the fluorescence of frozen anisakids in flattened and subsequently frozen fillets and viscera. A subsample of 67 isolated larvae was identified as A. pegreffii by diagnostic allozyme markers and sequence analyses of the mtDNA cox2 locus. The overall prevalence in pilchards was 12.2% (range 0-44.9% for different sampling points) and mean intensity 1.8. More importantly, we have observed an overall larval prevalence of 1.5% in fillets. The highest prevalence (44.9%) was recorded in pilchards caught in western parts of the Mediterranean. As fish host size was a significant predictor of parasite abundance, it should be highlighted that these pilchards were also the largest (mean total length 173.2mm); on average >2cm larger than the rest of the samples. Other isolated nematode species included Hysterothylacium sp. in viscera, showing almost a double of A. pegreffii prevalence, 20.1%. In summary, our study demonstrates that the presence of A. pegreffii in European pilchards from the Mediterranean Sea is highly influenced by both geographic and host size variation. This implies that, before future risk management measures are developed, these variables should be assessed in order to minimize public health concerns.

Atrial Fibrillation in Anaphylaxis.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between anaphylaxis and cardiovascular events has been reported in the past. While skin and respiratory symptoms are usually the most common and the first to appear, cardiovascular complications play a key role and represent the leading cause of death in anaphylaxis. METHODS: We report 3 episodes of atrial fibrillation triggered by anaphylaxis. Allergy and cardiology studies were performed. In both patients, the etiological agent was identified: Anisakis simplex hypersensitivity and food allergy. RESULTS: The heart is the source and target of chemical mediators released during an allergic reaction. In the heart, there are plenty of mast cells, and they are predominantly located around the coronary adventitia and in close contact with small vessels in the muscle wall. The release of mediators can influence ventricular function, heart rate, and coronary artery tone. Anaphylaxis can trigger any kind of arrhythmia. In these cases, the very interesting point of discussion was: which should be first, treating anaphylaxis or cardiac events? The other controversial point was the use of epinephrine, the first line of treatment for anaphylaxis. Recommendations about epinephrine in cardiac patients during an anaphylactic event are still a major dilemma. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize the importance of the priority of establishing protocols between cardiologist and allergist in treatment of cardiac complications during anaphylaxis, and we warn about the correct diagnosis of arrhythmias in anaphylaxis in order to treat them as soon as possible, to prevent other consequences and complications.

Estudio epidemiológico de Anisakis tipo I en la bacaladilla (Micromesistius poutassou) del noroeste de España / Epidemiological study of Anisakis type I in blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) captured in northwestern Spain

Se ha estudiado la parasitación por Anisakis tipo I en 119 bacaladillas (Micromesistius poutasou) capturadas en el noroeste de España. La prevalencia total encontrada ha sido del 100% y la intensidad y abundancia medias de 55,89. También, se ha determinado los parámetros de infección en cavidad corporal, y musculatura hipoaxial e epiaxial. El mayor número de larvas aisladas ha correspondido a las vísceras (4808) y el menor a la musculatura epiaxial (343). Se ha observado un incremento de los parámetros de infección de acuerdo con la longitud del pez, siendo la intensidad y abundancia mediasde 32,47 para los peces entre 24-25 cm, de 57,00 para los de 26-27 cm y de 85,84 en los ≥ 28 cm de longitud(AU)

We have studied the parasitization by Anisakis type I in 119 blue whiting (Micromesistius poutasou)captured in Northwestern Spain. The overall prevalence found has been 100%, the mean values of intensity and abundance have been 55.89. The infection parameters have also been identified in the body cavity, and in hipoaxial and epaxial muscle. The highest number of isolated larvae has corresponded to the viscera (4808) and the lowest in the epaxial musculature (343). There has been anincrease in infection parameters according to the length of the fish, being the mean intensity and abundance 32.47 for fish between 24-25 cm, 57.00 for 26-27 cm and 85.84 in those ≥ 28 cm of length(AU)

Infección experimental de larvas libres y enquistadas de Anisakis tipo I en ratas Wistar / Experimental infection of encapsulated and free larvae of Anisakis larvae type I in Wistar rats

En este trabajo se realiza un estudio sobre el papel patógeno de las larvas de Anisakis encapsuladas enlas vísceras del pez y las que se encuentran libres en la cavidad corporal del mismo, mediante laestimación de las lesiones causadas en el tracto digestivo de ratas Wistar. Los resultados muestran queel porcentaje de lesiones fue mayor (92,9%) en las ratas infectadas con larvas libres que en aquellas alas cuales se les administraron las larvas encapsuladas (35,7%), además, ninguna de ellas se encontróen la cavidad corporal del animal(AU)

In this study we performed a research on the pathogenic role of encapsulated Anisakis larvae in theviscera of the fish and free larvae in the body cavity of the fish, through the evaluation of the lesionsinduced in the digestive tract of Wistar rats. The results show that the percentage of lesions was higher(92.9%) in rats infected with free larvae than in those receiving encapsulated larvae (35.7%), besides,none of the larvae was found in the body cavity of the animals(AU)

Reactividad alérgica a Anisakis simplex y su asociación con asma bronquial en niños escolares del estado Nueva Esparta, Venezuela / Anisakis simplex allergic reactivity and its association with bronchial asthma in scholar children from Nueva Esparta state, Venezuela

La reactividad alérgica frente a Anisakis simplex se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública en muchos países del mundo. En Venezuela, se ha reportado la presencia de mamíferos marinos infectados y se ha evidenciado la presencia del parásito en pescados de consumo masivo procedentes de las zonas costeras de oriente y occidente del país. No obstante, la importancia de este helminto en el desarrollo y severidad de patologías alérgicas no ha sido evaluada en el país. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la reactividad alérgica al An. simplex en un grupo de 144 niños del estado de Nueva Esparta, así como su posible relación con la severidad de asma bronquial y rinitis alérgica. Todos los niños fueron evaluados utilizando un cuestionario socioeconómico validado y modificado de Graffar y un cuestionario validado según los criterios de ARIA (International Consensus Report) para rinitis alérgica, GINA (WHO/NIH Global Initiative for Asthma) para asma bronquial y Hannifin para dermatitis atópica, respectivamente. Se realizaron encuestas para evaluar las principales fuentes de alergenos a los cuales se expone la población de estudio. Se realizó la evaluación física de los niños y se practicaron pruebas cutáneas, así como pruebas de funcionalismo pulmonar. Encontramos un alto porcentaje (45%) de niños con pruebas de piel positiva al An. simplex. Se observó una mayor prevalencia y severidad, de asma y rinitis en aquellos niños con pruebas de piel positivas a An. simplex. Dado que ha sido previamente reportada la reactividad cruzada entre Ascaris lumbricoides y An. simplex, es importante considerar que la alta reactividad encontrada frente al An. simplex pueda deberse a la co-infección por Ascaris. De igual forma, la sensibilización frente a An. simplex, ya sea especifica o por reactividad cruzada existe, lo que sugiere que las autoridades locales deben considerar ciertas medidas preventivas, para evitar el consumo de pescados crudos o posiblemente parasitados con este helminto, que podrían exacerbar la patología respiratoria.

Allergic reactivity to Anisakis simplex has become in a health problem in many parts of the World. In Venezuelan coasts, it has been found infecting marine mammals and also different parasites fishes commonly consumed by human. However, the association of this helminth with the development and severity of allergic reactivity has not been previously evaluated in Venezuela. The aim of this study was to evaluate the allergic reactivity to An. simplex in a group 144 children from Nueva Esparta, state, and its possible relation with bronquial asthma and rhinitis allergic severity. All children were evaluated using a validated socioeconomic questionnaire modified by Graffar, and a validate questionnaire according to ARIA (International Consensus Report) for allergic rhinitis, GINA (WHO/NIH Global Initiative for Asthma) for bronquial asthma and Hannifin for atopic dermatitis. Surveys were performed in order to evaluate the main sources of allergens to which the study population exposes itself. Children physical evaluation and skin prick test were performed, as well as pulmonary function test. We found a high percentage (45%) of children with positive skin prick test to An. simplex. Moreover, a greatest prevalence and severity of asthma and rhinitis, was observed in those children with positive skin prick test to An. simplex. Since it has been reported the presence of the crossed reactivity between Ascaris lumbricoides and An. simplex, it’s important to consider that the high reactivity found to An. simplex might be due to the Co-infection with A. lumbricoides. Nevertheless, the sensibilization to An. simplex, due by specific or by crossed reactivity exists, and it should be considered by local health authorities in order to prevent the exacerbation of the respiratory pathologies mediated by the consumption of fresh fishes potentially infected.

Nematóides da família Anisakidae e cestóides da ordem Trypanorhyncha em peixes teleósteos comercializados no estado do Rio de Janeiro / Nematodes of Anisakidae family and cestodes of Trypanorhyncha order in teleosts fishes commercialized in Rio de Janeiro State

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a pesquisa de formas larvares de nematóides da família Anisakidae e cestóides da ordemTrypanorhyncha em peixes teleósteos de grande comercialização no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram necropsiados 79espécimes que tiveram a sua cavidade geral e musculatura analisadas quanto à presença de parasitos. Do total de exemplaresde peixes, aproximadamente 20 por cento apresentaram pelo menos uma das espécies de parasitos pesquisados. As espécies depeixes mais acometidos por cestóides da ordem Trypanorhyncha foram Lophius gastrophisus (6) e Netuma barba (6), amboscom valores de 66,7 por cento. Os maiores percentuais de exemplares positivos para nematóides da família Anisakidae foram de 60,0 por cento para Genypterus brasiliensis (5); 47,6 por cento para Pagrus pagrus (21), e 42,9 por cento para Pseudopercis numida (7). As espéciesMicropogonias furnieri e Pagrus pagrus apresentaram ambos os parasitismos.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of nematodes larvaes of Anisakidae family and cestodes larvaes ofTrypanorhyncha order, in teleosts fishes commercialized in Rio de Janeiro state. Were necropsied 79 specimens and analyzedfor the presence of parasites. Of the total of units, about 20 percent had at least one species of parasite. The most infested species bycestodes of the order Trypanorhyncha was Lophius gastrophisus (6) and Netuma barba (6), both of them with values of 66,7 percent.However the high percentiles of positive units for nematodes of the Anisakidae family were 60,0 percent for Genypterus brasiliensis(5); 47.6 percent for Pagrus pagrus (21), and 42.9 percent for Pseudopercis numida (7). The species Micropogonias furnieri and Pagruspagrus had presented both the parasitisms.

Anisakiasis intestinal aguda / Acute intestinal anisakiasis

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Alergia a Anisakis simplex / Anisakis simplex allergy

Introducción: Anisakis simplex es un parásito helminto del pescado y cefalópodos, de distribución mundial, siendo causante de la anisakiasis o parasitación del hombre por la larva viva y/o de cuadros de reacciones alérgicas por hipersensibilidad frente a diferentes proteínas parasitarias. Este trabajo revisa los estudios existentes sobre este parásito, su ciclo biológico, manifestaciones clínicas, métodos diagnósticos y medidas preventivas a adoptar. El ciclo biológico incluye una forma adulta y tres estadios larvarios, siendo el ser humano huésped accidental. Existen tres grupos de moléculas antigénicas: somática, secretora/excretora y de superficie. Se sospecha el diagnóstico relacionando clínica e ingesta de pescado con buena tolerancia al alimento en otras ocasiones. Disponemos de 2 tipos básicos de pruebas diagnósticas: prick test y determinación de Ig E específica (CAP, RAST), con menor sensibilidad que las pruebas cutáneas. La provocación oral controlada con larva muerta del parásito confirma el diagnóstico de alergia clínica. Hay numerosas reacciones cruzadas entre Anisakis y otros parásitos dificultando el diagnóstico y siendo posible causa de la alta prevalencia de sensibilización en España. Conclusiones: La infestación del pescado por Anisakis representa un problema de salud pública. Sospechar alergia en casos de reacciones compatibles relacionadas con la ingesta de distintos tipos de pescado. La mejor forma de prevención es el cocinado o la congelación del pescado. En España el cumplimiento de la normativa de conservación y manipulación del pescado es incompleta (AU)

Reaçöes alérgicas provocadas por Anisakis simplex após a ingestäo de peixes parasitados / Allergic reactions after ingestion of parasitized sea food by Anisakis simplex

Objetivo: Anisakis simplex é um nematódeo (família Anisakidae) e superfamília Ascaridoide), que parasita mamíferos do mar. Casuística e método: Hospedeiros intermediários incluem o bacalhau, sardinha, anchova, atum, salmäo e outros peixes. Resultados: O homem adquire a larva deste parasita através da ingestäo de peixes crus ou mal cozidos. Este parasita pode induzir Anisakíase, doença decorrente da invasäo da mucosa gástrica ou intestinal pela larva do Anisakis simplex, ocasionando sintomas gastrointestinais após a ingestäo de peixes parasitados. No entanto, a ingestäo destes peixes contaminados bem cozidos ou näo, pode ocasionar reaçöes alérgicas mediadas por IgE. Conclusöes: A conduta diagnóstica das reaçöes alérgicas deve ser proposta através da história cl1nica, testes epicutâneos de puntura e detecçäo de IgE sérica específica. Na Anisakíase, a endoscopia digestiva evidencia a presença da larva na mucosa gástrica ou intestinal. Todo paciente com história de reaçäo alérgica após ingestäo de peixe, no qual a IgE específica a peixe näo é detectada, deve ser investigado para possível sensibilizaçäo alérgica ao Anisakis simplex.

Sobrevivência de larvas de anisakídeos de peixe espada, Trichiurus lepturus (L) submetidos aos processos de salmouragem e cocção / Survival of anisakids larvae of cutlass fish, Trichiurus lepturus (L) submitted to brine and cooking processes

Um total de 40 espécimes de peixe espada, Tríchíurus lepturus, foram analisados para se observar a sobrevivência de larvas de anisakídeos submetidos à salmoura e cocção. Os parasitos coletados pertenciam aos gêneros Contracaecum, Phocanema e Anísakís com prevalências de 95,5%, 3,8% e 0,7%, respectivamente. O efeito da salmoura a 20º Bé (Baumé) na sobrevivência das larvas demonstrou que, ao final de 72 h de exposição, todas encontravam-se mortas. Nos peixes submetidos à cocção a temperatura de 100ºC, 5,9% das larvas permaneceram vivas ao final de 30 min. e todas morreram ao final de 60 min. Estes resultados sugerem que o melhor método para matar larvas de anisakídeos em peixe espada é a cocção.

Fourty specimens of cutlass fish Trichiurus lepturuswere analyzed in arder to observe the survivallevel of the anisakids larvae submitted to brine and cooking processes. The collected parasites were of the genera Contracaecum, Phocanemaand Anisakiswith a prevalence of 95.5%, 3.8% and 0.7%, respectively. Alllarvae died after being exposed to 72 hr of brine at 20º Bé. In cooked fishes at 100ºC, 5.9% of larvae remained alive after 30 min, and ali of them died after 60 min. These results suggest that cooking is the best method to kill anisakids larvae in cutlass fish.

Parasitos de Balistes vetula (L) e sua importância na inspeção do pescado / Parasites of Balistes vetula (L) and their importance in fish inspection

Foram examinados 50 peixes da espécie Balistes vetula L., pescados no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, com o objetivo de se detectar larvas de cestóides da ordem Trypanorhyncha e larvas de nematóides anisakídeos. Os peixes apresentavam comprimentos entre 17 e 28 em, sendo que aqueles com médias compreendidas entre 24 e 28 em achavam-se mais infectados. Do total de espécimens necropsiados, 88% achavam-se parasitados por cestóides Trypanorhyncha das espécies Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, Callitetrarhynchus speciosus e pelo gênero Otobothrium e 56% achavam-se parasita-dos por larvas de anisakideos do gênero Contracaecum.

Fifty specimens of lhe species Balistes vetula (L.) captured along lhe coast of Rio de Janeiro State were examined to detect cestode larvae belonging to lhe order Trypanorhyncha and nematodes anisakids larvae. The fishes measured from 17 to 28 cm. 88% of them were parasited by Trypanorhyncha cestode of the species Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, Callitetrarhynchus speciosus and by the genus Otobothrium. 56% were parasited by anisakids larvae of the genus Contracaecum. Specimens between 24 and 28 em were found more parasited.

Larvas de anisakideos em Pagrus pagrus (L) e seu controle através de baixas temperaturas / Anisakids larvae in Pagrus pagrus (L) and its control under low temperature

Em 100 exemplares de Pagrus pagrus examinados, pescados no litoral dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e Espírito Santo, Brasil, 88% achavam-se parasitados por larvas de anisakideos. Nos 16 primeiros peixes necropsiados para evidenciação do parasitismo, observou-se que 100% estavam parasitados pelo gênero Contracaecum, 65% pelo gênero Raphidascaris 44% pelo gênero Phocanema e 44% pelo gênero Terranova. Cinquenta e um peixes foram mantidos à temperatura de refrigeração (0°C) por 120 horas. Ao final deste tempo 68,37% dos parasitos morreram. Trinta e três peixes foram colocados à temperatura de -15°C. Após duas horas de exposição à temperatura de -2,9°C todas as larvas coletadas encontravam-se mortas. A localização dos parasitas estava restrita às serosas das vísceras e serosas abdominais.

A sample of 100 Pagrus pagrus caught in the coast of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo States, Brazil, was examined and larval stages of anisakid nematode were observed affecting 88% of the sample. Post-mortem examinations were carried out in the first 16 fish inorder to identify the genera of the parasites and it was noted that 100% belonged to the genus Contracaecum, 63% of the genus Raphídascaris, 44% to the genus Phocanema and 44% to the genus Terranova. Among 51 fish wich were maintained at 0°C for 120 hours it was observed that 68,37% was dead at the end of this time. Thirty-three fish were kept at -15°C and after two llours at -2,9°C ali previously noted larva were dead. Ali the parasites were found in the vísceral and abdominal serosa.